Follow-up: Child with airway obstruction

A few weeks ago I wrote about a little girl with an airway obstruction who tested our team's skills to the utmost. Well, four days after we bundled her into the ambulance with heavy hearts, she walked into the clinic, followed by her beaming relatives. We were shocked and overjoyed.

It turns out that by the time she arrived at the hospital, she was already breathing far more comfortably. The doctors there removed her breathing tube and didn't replace it, but from what I can discern across a language barrier and at third hand, she didn't need it by then. We suspect that she had an obstruction beneath the level of the vocal cords, perhaps from an unusually severe viral illness, and that the steroids our team administered kicked in to reduce the swelling just in time for her arrival at the transfer hospital. She stayed a few days there, receiving antibiotics. By the time we saw her, she had no airway trouble whatsoever. The only thing wrong with her was that she seemed a little shy. Maybe that's because the whole clinic pounced on her with hugs and kisses and exclamations.

Yeah, sometimes you love this work.

Delayed appendectomy

This article reviews a recent study published in the September Archives of Surgery that suggests it may be safe to delay an appendectomy in adults, even for over 12 hours.

We're not in the US, but we can offer decent supportive care here in rural Indonesia, and from what I can discern from the article, I think this study is good news for low-resource or remote practitioners. Fluids, antibiotics, one gives those, of course, but we probably have time to safely transfer a patient to a surgeon if he presents to our remote clinic with suspected appendicitis. That's nice to know.

Pediatric airway nightmare

I'm trained in emergency medicine, and in my field we live in dread of the "difficult airway." Many lectures and articles and textbooks are devoted to preparing us for it. What's an airway? When patients have trouble moving air between the outside world and their lungs, they may need some sort of secure tube to be put there. After all, without an airway, you can't even get started breathing. ER docs put in these tubes all the time, and it generally goes okay, but there are certain people who for one reason or another are extremely hard to tube. This can include people with obese necks, trouble opening their mouths wide, cancers or swelling down there, and so on. These kinds of distorted anatomy can prevent us from seeing what we need to see in order to stick the tube down the trachea instead of just poking around blindly.

There are all kinds of ways to conquer the difficult airway. You can use a newfangled fiberoptic laryngoscope or an old-fashioned bougie, or you can throw in a handy LMA to buy time. You can do a needle cric and then transtracheal jet ventilation for a few minutes, or you can resort to a retrograde intubation using a Seldinger technique. You can even call for your surgical backup to come do a trach. And so on.

Last night in our clinic here in rural Indonesia our doctors faced the most difficult airway I have ever seen. Yet there was nothing about the patient herself that made it so hard. Let me explain.

A ten-year-old girl arrived, limp and gasping, draped in the arms of two people, though she only weighed about 20 kg. An IV snaked out of her arm. The history was of a couple of days of fever and worsening trouble breathing followed by a visit to a remote clinic, where they'd placed a line.

Almost from across the room, it was clear from the way she was breathing that this was an airway problem rather than a lung problem. So, some sort of infection blocking the airway. Oxygen levels low. Almost no lung sounds because so little air is getting in. Whatever the diagnosis, she needs an airway immediately. That simple thing might save her life and give her time to get over the infection. Without it she will die in minutes, right in front of us, this previously healthy little girl with a blocked airway.

Then followed long minutes of professional misery, wherein items one desperately needed were found to be absent, dirty, too big, or too small. I love our clinic, but we're not a hospital; we aren't equipped for intubations. (I'm looking forward to building a bigger facility here, with the tools we need to care for sicker patients. Plans for this are in the works.) Someone happened to have donated us a beautiful case of laryngoscope handles and blades, all nestled in red velvet; but the few tubes we had were the wrong size. We don't stock airway medications, though we had diazepam, which our doctors gave her in huge quantities to try to keep her from fighting the lifesaving tube. Let us breathe for you, baby. Normally, one uses paralytic drugs to keep (unconscious) patients still so we can carefully insert the tube and secure it safely. We had none such here. No stiffening rod to keep the tube from flopping limply; one of the nurses found some sort of wire in a back room. No bite blocks to fit her. As we scrabbled around, temporizing, trying this and that, we pushed air into her lungs, barely, with a bag-valve-mask assembly sized for an adult.

After a long saga, and as the bag-valve-mask method was beginning to fail, her O2 dropping despite optimum technique, our team got a tube in. In a way, it was easy. Her little epiglottis and vocal cords, though swollen and patchy, were perfectly visible, and the tube slid in without difficulty. In another way, it was a nightmare. Without the right drugs and equipment, these were bad intubating conditions, to say the least. She coughed and clawed and gasped. She regurgitated and bit and struggled. And the tube itself was precarious because far too small, and the end was half-buried inside her mouth. Though we carefully taped it to its connector, it pulled away on one occasion, whereupon she inhaled the tube and it had to be fished out of her throat before it disappeared down her trachea. That wouldn't have happened with a tube that fit.

Still, she had an airway. That was what she needed. She calmed down. Her oxygen levels rapidly normalized, her lungs finally whooshed as lungs should, her speeding heart slowed a bit.

Now she needed a ventilator machine, complete sedation and more thorough diagnostics. Possibly she would need an abscess drained. We aren't equipped for any of that here. But it seemed worth it to try to obtain those things for this child, who after all had what amounts to a simple plumbing problem.

To say "We then transferred her to the ICU" would be technically accurate, but it would be inadequate to describe our difficulty in so doing (for example, a doctor held that faulty connector pinched between his fingers the whole way), as well as our disappointment on arrival. I am told that "ICU," which is hours away by ambulance, had no working suction, no ventilator machines, and evidently no airway management capability, as they removed her tube and did not replace it. Her oxygen levels began to drop again, and that was that. I hope the steroids and antibiotics we gave her will work in time. But I doubt she will survive this illness. Maybe all that diazepam means she's not suffering.

And so, my ER colleagues, I submit to you that the most difficult airway is not that of the large-tongued or the cancerous, not that of the obese or the swollen. It is the airway you try to secure without the tools you need.

Doorway diagnosis, but to what end?

Our clinic recently saw an 18-year-old man who had had seizures for most of his life. It seems that they had been well-controlled on a three-times-a-day seizure medication, but his mother had recently tapered it off, and his seizures resumed and did not stop even when she restarted it. One of my Indonesian physician colleagues asked me to join him in the examining room.

The patient had a peculiar facial feature: crowded, shiny papules scattered across his nose and cheeks, as well as some larger, fleshier patches on his forehead. There was another on his lower back. And there was a pale, depigmented patch of skin on his belly. All of these had been there since early childhood.

From this telltale skin features plus his seizure history, it was all but certain that he had a genetic disease called tuberous sclerosis. Most cases arise spontaneously, and indeed there was none in his family, but because of dominant inheritance, each of the patient's own future children will have a 50% chance of inheriting it.

We explained this to him and his mother. She told us she had taken him to specialists in the city since he was little and had never gotten any kind of diagnosis, only a great many expensive and unhelpful tests and therapies. She said the family had sold everything it owned to pay for these trips and consultations.

Though it was gratifying to make that interesting diagnosis in this low-resource setting, the intellectual victory was Pyrrhic. The patient had been hoping for a cure for his seizures and skin problems, and there is no cure for tuberous sclerosis. Still, there's a lot that can be done. If he were lucky enough to be born in the developed world and possessed of good health insurance--or if he were the son of someone very, very rich here--he could have the lesions lasered off, which our textbooks informed us can give excellent cosmetic results. He could consult an experienced pediatric neurosurgeon about possibly removing the growths in his brain which are probably causing his seizures. He could see an eye specialist as well as receive the special education that many TS patients need. He could get a session of genetic counseling, too. With reliable Internet access, he could meet other TS patients online and get a little psychological support.

He has access to none of the above. In fact, he dropped out of school as a child because of his seizures. He is unemployed. His mother told us very frankly that she doesn't think any woman would marry him.  The patient looked miserable to hear all this.

One of my American physician colleagues angrily pointed out to me later that it wouldn't be all that big a deal to at least get the boy's facial lesions lasered off--that alone would make a tremendous difference in his life. That is, it wouldn't be a very big deal if he were in a developed country that allowed for such things.  As it is, though, what we had to offer were adjustments to his seizure medications and a suggestion to see a neurosurgeon who is hundreds of thousands of rupiahs' worth of travel from here.

I'm left wondering what good this diagnosis will be to him and his family. Is there ever a time when one might as well not know?

Follow-up: Patient with infected stone

On October 18 I wrote about a very sick patient with an obstructing, infected kidney stone who underwent a dramatic transfer via boat to the nearest hospital with urologic capability. I will report what we learned about happened next. The patient underwent ultrasound there by the urologist, who noted that the kidney was indeed obstructed but who could not see a stone. He decided his involvement was no longer needed. The patient was begun on dialysis.

We would love to be able to put in stents here in our clinic. What does that involve? Might it be possible in a low-resource setting like ours, if were were able to get good equipment?

Some of the reasons why it's hard to treat TB in rural areas

Here at our clinic in rural Indonesia, we send an ambulance out with doctors and nurses twice a week to run mobile clinics in remote villages. This morning, one of my fellow American doctors told me with frustration that many of the patients she saw yesterday clearly had TB, but that she wasn't able to prescribe DOTS ("directly observed treatment short course," for tuberculosis) because there is no DOTS worker in that village.

Turns out it isn't quite that simple. That village has had DOTS workers in the past, but there have been bad logistical barriers to them doing their jobs. For one thing, the roads to that village are bad at the best of times, and sometimes well-nigh impassable. For another, that village isn't covered by cell phone service, so our clinic's DOTS coordinator can't easily communicate with them. And many of the villagers leave for weeks at a time to work on palm oil plantations, where they are out of reach of even the most dedicated local DOTS worker.

Lack of infrastructure is largely to blame here. But it also seems to me to be a clear example of how environmental devastation (in this case, the clearing of rainforest for palm plantations) can erode public health.

The road to a village in rural Kalimantan, Indonesia.

One of the bridges along the way.

A middle-aged man with flank pain

A moderately obese middle-aged man with a history of treatment for kidney stones presented to our Indonesian village clinic with a history of severe left-sided flank pain for several days. He was febrile, and writhing with what appeared to be classic renal colic. Though we didn't detect blood in his urine, given his history and presentation, we still suspected he had developed another stone. Given the fever, we also wondered if the kidney was infected (pyelonephritis). More worrisome still was the possibility that he had both an infected kidney and an obstructing stone. That's a surgical emergency and beyond our capacity to care for at the clinic.

We began aggressive fluids, antibiotics, and antiemetics, and gave him the pain meds we have--Tramadol, paracetamol (Tylenol), and ibuprofen. Then we took a look at his kidneys with the portable ultrasound, hoping it would help determine whether we needed to worry about obstruction or whether this was just pyelo. The news was grim. The left kidney showed clear evidence of blockage in the form of hydronephrosis, while the right kidney looked normal. It looked like he did have pyelo and an obstructing stone. We discussed transfer options with the family.

They happened to be relatively wealthy, and they decided to take him to the city where he'd been treated for stones before. The five-hour speedboat ride was arranged to take place the following morning. We were worried about the delay, but it appeared to be the soonest they could arrange for.

Just after midnight, my colleagues and I were called to his bedside. He had become tachycardic, hypotensive in the 70s, and delirious. He had developed snoring respirations as well, though his lungs didn't sound fluid-overloaded. In short, he had developed septic shock, and his life was in immediate danger.

We stepped up our supportive care, but were now faced with several hard decisions. Do we attempt to get this patient to the city sooner than his scheduled 7 AM departure? Does the family have the money to make this happen? Is he stable enough to ride in a bouncing speedboat for hours on end? What about a plane flight? The planes that leave the nearest airport (about two hours away by car) don't have a first-class section, and the aisles are only two seats wide--that's not enough to lie down across a row of seats. In any case, it was hard to imagine putting this man into a wheelchair, let alone manually lifting that chair up the steep flight of stairs from the tarmac into the airplane cabin. And once he finally arrives at the hospital, is there a urologist there and an ICU bed?

Worst of all, if his breathing deteriorated, should we place a breathing tube? This is no small matter even in the highest-resource setting, because once you place a breathing tube you are committed to "bagging" the patient by hand, giving breaths, until he is connected to a respirator. Giving breaths manually is far from ideal--it is much too easy to give them too fast, too slow, or at the wrong volume. There are no respirators here, nor anywhere nearby.

Faced with these problems, the family swiftly chartered a boat to leave at 4 AM. They expected to be treated there by the same urologist he'd seen in the past. As we discussed treatment options, they told us they were prepared for the worst, but asked us to give "the best care" in the meantime.

What is the best care in this instance? Does it include placing a breathing tube if he goes into respiratory failure? That would generally be the right choice in a high-resource setting in a previously relatively healthy man like this. But here? Is it the best care to intubate someone out in a village, with no X-ray to confirm correct placement, no continuous monitoring available, no respirator to regulate the depth and volume of breaths? What if someone overinflates a lung during the journey and it collapses? What about the lack of easily-titrated sedative and pain medications to keep the patient comfortable? And, given that we are trying to save both lives and livelihoods out here (a trip to the city can completely ruin a family's finances), are we sending these people on a futile errand? Sometimes our job here is to advise against escalating care.

In this case, the family had the means to travel. And we were spared the intubation decision, as the patient's blood pressure improved with increased fluids and his breathing didn't worsen. Soon he and his family had sped away in the clinic's small ambulance, headed for the docks, an Indonesian doctor at his side with a bag full of fluid bottles and extra medications. And a bag to provide temporary breaths, just in case. We wait to hear how he did.

On low-resource medicine in Indonesia & elsewhere: Much to admire.

Greetings from rural Borneo, Indonesia. Indonesians call their portion of this magnificent island Kalimantan, and it is both richly endowed and gravely endangered. Until recently the island was covered in rainforest; since the 1980s, it has been so heavily logged that only a fraction of the original forest remains. Illegal logging, fires, and the clearing of forests for palm-oil plantations are among the reasons why the ecosystem here is being devastated. Through flooding, drought, and changes in disease patterns, hat has led to adverse health consequences for many people here.

I'm in Kalimantan with an organization that provides health care for people living amongst this destruction. Since I'm not writing for them in an official capacity, I will withhold identifying details about them, as I wouldn't wish to bring even the possibility of unwanted publicity through anyone taking offense at what I write.

Some Indonesian readers may be offended, for example, at the term "low-resource medicine." I hasten to reassure them that no slur is intended. On the contrary, I am here because I admire this kind of medical practice. At its best, low-resource medicine has the capacity to surpass medicine as it is practiced in developing countries, in terms of wise stewardship of resources and of providing patient care that is both medically effective and cost-effective. I greatly admire the practitioners of low-resource medicine and of all that they do for their patients, and I firmly believe that medical practitioners in developed nations like the United States have much to learn from their colleagues who work in low-resource settings.

It has often been remarked upon, for example, that physicians who do lack access to a near-infinite array of tests and studies develop sharper physical examination skills and may well grasp a patient's clinical situation than their American colleagues would. And few would dispute that medical care in the United States is becoming unsustainably expensive even as it still doesn't reach as many people as it should. It makes no sense that we spend vast resources pursuing treatments that might give people a few weeks' more life, but that many people with hypertension remain undertreated. It is as if we Americans continue to pour into some glasses while other glasses remain empty--and we're running out of water. That policy isn't reasonable and it isn't fair. Practitioners in lower-resource settings, on the other hand, have experience in making sure that the largest number of people get good, sensible, and sustainable medical care, and I want to learn more about how they do it.

Our organization runs a village medical clinic in a converted house. Indonesian physicians fresh out of medical school spend a year with us doing something akin to a family practice internship; they see patients, then present cases to volunteer physicians from the United States. Then we work through what to do and the Indonesian doctors put a plan into practice alongside the clinic's trained nurses. There is much that the clinic can't do, such as surgery in an aseptic environment; the nearest hospitals are hours away by car, plane, and/or boat, and transfer is frequently not an option. Still, there are a great many tools in our toolbox, including a good array of medications, an ultrasound machine, microscopy, and IV capabilities. It is striking how much we can do from our little house.

I'll post about some of the cases we've seen.

Medical education in Nigeria

Gentle readers, forgive me for not writing more about Haiti. Though I volunteered, I have not yet been asked to deploy. Those of my colleagues who have done so, and who are in a position to comment on low-resource medicine in Haiti after the earthquake, are understandably busy and not yet able to do so.

Let's turn instead to Nigeria. Dr. U.V. Okafor teaches at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu. (Famed author Chinua Achebe taught at the same university.) He has written about critical care in sub-Saharan Africa and commented on the dire shortage of nurses there. He kindly agreed to answer my questions about medical education in Nigeria; what follows is a lightly edited version of what he had to say. His words reveal a great deal about the issues that face practitioners in low-resource countries, including the emphasis on teaching the physical exam; the lack of a strong emergency medicine paradigm; brain drain; payment problems for physicians; the need to attract and retain only medical personnel, but also allied professionals like engineers; and the use and misuse of federal and international funds.

Italics and hyperlinks are mine.

A little background? Basically, medical education in the country is patterned after the British system. Nigeria is of course a former British colony, attaining independence in 1960. Physical examinations are greatly emphasised in our medical education because of a large rural population without access to tertiary care centres with modern equipment. Nigeria’s Human Development Index (HDI) progressed from low to medium in 2009. And that is good news for us, and credit must go to the rural-based doctors (they will get rural posting allowances in the new salary scale).

How do you teach students? I am a senior lecturer in anaesthesia and intensive care. Medicine is a 5-6 year programme in Nigeria, and the medical students undertake a four-week posting in clinical anaesthesia, in addition to classroom lectures. Usually I use PowerPoint presentations for my lectures to medical students. As a member of the curriculum committee of the medical school, I tried to include more credits in emergency medicine, but it is still a novel concept in the country.

A word on residents' training? I also train residents in anaesthesia. The residency programme usually takes 4-7 years, depending on one’s progress. The final examination of the programme involves a dissertation or a case series, and that usually prolongs the training. Successful candidates become Fellows of the Medical College of Nigeria, or Fellows of the regional West African Postgraduate Medical College....[The WHO surgical safety checklist is] not currently in use [at UNTH]. I got it from the WHO website and hope it will be standard practice soon.

Where do residents go to train? Though [UNTH is] one of Nigeria’s premier teaching hospitals and its centre of excellence for cardiothoracic surgery, her best graduates usually pursue postgraduate training overseas, in the US or Britain, and mainly for economic reasons. Most of the first-generation consultants were UK-trained with a sprinkling of US and Canadian fellows. I think the North American-trained specialists rarely return to the country. To reverse this sad trend, the Nigerian government recently increased the salaries of medical workers, buoyed by the increased oil and gas revenue. The country is the world’s sixth largest producer of crude oil. The new emolument will take effect this year.

What kinds of resources are at your disposal? In early 2007, the hospital moved to its permanent site where the theatre was well equipped by VAMED, an Austrian health care service provider. They installed multi-channel monitors (pulse oximetry, non-invasive blood pressure monitor, temperature, electrocardiography and capnography), and modern anaesthetic machines with low-flow systems. MRIs are avaliable in some federal government-funded hospitals, but maintenance is a problem due to a paucity of biomedical engineers. To the best of my knowledge, PET scanners are not available, being quite expensive for a developing country like Nigeria, which has no health insurance for most of her citizens. Besides, the problems of infectious diseases means funds are diverted towards these areas, and their treatments are greatly subsidized (about seven dollars a month for HAART).

A word on your position as an academic physician? The major problem for those of us in academia is a lack of grants for research work, and we still depend on Western organisations like Wellcome Trust for assistance. When a nation has made billions of dollars from oil revenue, it certainly got into some hands, but funding education doesn’t seem to be on their minds. With a former university lecturer as President, we hope that will change soon. 

Haiti: Vodka and hacksaws

Sixty Minutes (video, 12 mins long); doctors explaining how they are amputating without adequate supplies. Civil War medicine indeed.

Of note: the United States has evacuated 4 patients for treatment. The country of Martinique has reportedly accepted 200. Why this large discrepancy? Is Haiti's and Martinique's shared relationship with France somehow greasing the wheels? Are the patients able to go to Martinique because they are bypassing the congested airport (it's an island as well)? Has the US chosen to focus on on-site treatment and infrastructure rather than evacuation--is that a better long-run strategy? Are there immigration difficulties?

Haiti

With moderate supplies, we can try to practice low-resource medicine. Without supplies, doctors and nurses don't matter. No real medicine takes place, and a hospital becomes a mere gathering of medical personnel. Or a morgue.

* Outdoor amputation with local anesthesia (video).

* Underequipped field hospital whose physicians are doing what little they can (video).

* Logistical nightmare for Doctors Without Borders (article).

No one could have prevented the earthquake, but Haiti was especially vulnerable because of shoddy infrastructure and lack of health services. The historic reasons for this are many and wretched. Tracy Kidder points out that there are 10,000 aid organizations established in Haiti, yet it remains obscenely poor. Educate yourself about Haiti and about Partners in Health's medical efforts there in his unforgettable book Mountains Beyond Mountains.

OF NOTE: Going to Haiti? Need some Creole? As of 1/15/10, Transparent Language is offering their "Byki Haitian Creole" software for free on iTunes, as their way of helping. And Pimsleur offers its first ten lessons of Haitian Creole free as well.

Nearsighted and farsighted

The price we pay for want of eyeglasses is steep: $269 billion a year. That number, published in a 2009 WHO-affiliated study, is an estimate of worldwide lost productivity due to refractory error--a kind of vision problem, like nearsightedness, that glasses can fix. But, though eye exams and eyeglasses don't cost much, they require lens-grinding equipment, an optometrist, and a machine into which to trustingly settle the chin. All of those are in short supply in many countries. Who's tackling cheap vision correction?

Gadgeteers, it turns out, are drawn to eyeglasses just as they are to cookstoves. The holy grail of low-resource eyeglasses are the kind you just hand to a person--he puts them on, adjusts them, and sees. Such glasses exist. The New York Times wrote recently about high-tech eyeglasses that allow untrained wearers set the focus themselves, some using a sliding-lens system and others an injectable liquid. The companies developing this technology, which include AdSpecs in England and Focusspecs and U-Specs in the Netherlands, plan to drive down production costs and send millions of eyeglasses to poor countries, thereby helping many of the 145 million people who have bad vision from uncorrected refractive errors (but not with astigmatism--those people still need optometrists). The website of an organization affiliated with AdSpecs, Centre for Vision in the Developing World, explains how the glasses work; it's well done and worth a visit.

But as a former U-Specs executive pointed out in the Times article, the real cost is not in the nifty glasses themselves, which will be a few dollars or less once economies of scale are in place, but in their distribution. After all, many donated pairs of eyeglasses already make their way to poor countries through organizations like New Eyes for the Needy. That group claims to distribute hundreds of thousands of pairs each year, a number that dwarfs what the gadgeteers have yet accomplished--and demonstrates that powerful built-in networks for distributing glasses already exist. Are all these parties talking to each other?

Similarly, Vision 2020, the cleverly-named partnership between the WHO and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness, is tackling all forms of avoidable blindness, with an emphasis on developing better infrastructure rather than passing out post-optometry eyeglasses. As with so many low-resource problems, solutions to preventable blindness are many and partial. The best one may remain to be seen.

Speaking to your patient: medical phrasebooks

Pocket guides to help clinicians speak a foreign language to their patients are hard to find for most languages. But there are a few on offer. The trouble with speaking from phrasebooks and dictionaries, of course, is that the person who painstakingly mouths syllables then has to brace for a fluent and incomprehensible reply. So a human translator is invaluable. But I like to make an effort to speak in the language myself,* if only because my patients' laughter at my attempts makes for good medicine.

You can get medical Spanish, French, and Russian resources by Russell K. Dollinger on Amazon, and some come with audiotapes or CDs. There are other Spanish-language resources besides his, but I mention it because it's a nice series and because Dollinger is developing a gadget to allow for more inter-language communication. (Read more about his Interphraser here.)

A Swahili book is available to English speakers.

The British Red Cross mails a free copy of a 36-language phrasebook for emergency conversations to British physicians. It can be ordered and downloaded online. I can't wait to print out those PDFs and give Pashto and Turkish and Amharic a try.

A book called Medical Translator contains phrases in languages commonly used in the US, including Spanish, Chinese (they don't specify which on the Amazon page), Italian, French, German, Creole (again, which creole they mean is not specified), Korean, Vietnamese, and others. Unfortunately, it seems only to be available in a German edition.

And here is the mother of all bibliographies for foreign-language medical glossaries, compiled by Jacquelyn Coughlan at SUNY Binghamton.


*I recommend Pimsleur audio programs to get you comfortable wrapping your tongue around foreign syllables.

First-person accounts from MSF docs in India and Zimbabwe

I'd like to call your attention to three blog entries at the British Medical Journal's website, in which three physicians write about their work in low-resource settings with Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF, a.k.a. Doctors Without Borders).

Joseph Jacob discusses working in Kashmir and Chhattisgarh, India, where he and his colleagues are treating malnutrition, scabies, leprosy, TB, mental health disorders, malaria, and obstetric conditions. They also responded after Cyclone Aila hit India and Bangladesh in July '09.

Caroline Forwood writes about Bihar, where kala azar is endemic. This vicious disease, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is transmitted by the sandfly, a creature 3 millimeters long that bites. Treatment options for this disease are few, though two new drugs were approved for use in India in the last decade. The MSF docs are using amphotericin B, which is expensive and carries serious side effects but is highly effective and readily available.

Philipp Du Cros gives the reader a look at his job improving or starting tuberculosis treatment programs, and focuses on MSF's efforts in Zimbabwe. What's striking about this and so many other accounts of work in low-resource areas are the descriptions of the distances patients must travel to obtain the most basic care. Add transportation to the list of problems (it includes sanitation, electricity, security, and many more) that are integral to the practice of low-resource medicine.